4/30 7 PM Review Session

*Note* I arrived slightly late to this session, so I don't have entirely complete notes */Note*

Democrats

Post 1812

Andrew Jackson

Strong Executive branch

Whigs

Calhoun, Webster, Clay

Federalists transformed into Whigs

Non Sectional

Anti-Jackson

Pre-Civil War

Democrats

Hadn't taken a stance on slavery

Pro states rights, leads to weak regional candidates

Civil War to WWI

Republicans

Support big business

Support international imperialism

Gained black voters (republicans emancipated the slaves)

Democrats

Immigrants, small farmers, laborers, working class

South and the West

Depression to today

Republicans

Concerned with national security

Pro big business

Democrats

Loose coalition of labor unions

Farmers

Government subsidies

Populist Party

Farmer initiated

Largest third party

Grange movement

Never have elected a president, but Democrats copy many political ideals

Tarriffs

Tax on trade

Raises revenue

Controls foreign competition

Begun by Hamilton

Uses tariffs to pay off Am. Rev. debt

Most important

Tariff of 1816

Era of Good Feelings

Designed to create manufacturing independence

Away from Britain

1828, Tariff of Abominations

Jackson Administration

South hates tariff on cotton and goods from the South

Nullification Crisis

Leads to sectional divides and the Civil War

McKinley Tariff, 1890

Tariff on sugar

1909 Payne Aldrich Tariff

Splits the Republican Party

1913 Underwood Tariff

Creates the graduated income tax

1930 Hawley Smoot Tariff

Puts a higher tariff on European goods

One of the causes of WW2

Causes a world depression

Domino effect as other nations enact similar tariffs

Supreme Court Cases

Marshall Court

Marbury vs. Madison

Midnight appointments

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Constitutionality of banking

Right of the state to tax a Federal bank

Gibbens vs. Ogden

Affirms the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce

Johnson vs. Macintosh

Native tribes have rights to tribal lands

Cherokee vs. Geogia

Native tribes are the wards of the U.S., protection must be provided by the Federal Gov.

Georgia does not have jurisdiction over Cherokee Nation

Worcester vs. Georgia

Tribes are sovereign nation, not subject to the authority of state governments

Post Marshall

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

Unions and strikes are legal

Dredd Scott vs. Sanford

Slaves cannot sue

Escaped slaves are property

Not citizens

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Seperate but equal racial facilities are tolerated

Brown vs. Board of Education

Overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson

Education facilities are separate and unequal

Munn vs. Illinois

Upholds the Granger laws to regulate the railroads

Federally mandated prices and timetables for RR's

Overturns Wabash case

States the Railroads are business and can dictate prices and timetables at will

Miranda vs. Arizona

Miranda Rights

Police must read an arrested suspect their rights

Expands criminal rights

Roe vs. Wade

Women have the right to have an early term abortion

Stems from state laws

Chapter 31 Notes 02 4/30/08

Vietnamese War

Gunboat Diplomacy

Parked gunboats outside North Vietnam, waiting for an attack on Americans

Perceived attack on ships leads to bombing campaign, Rolling Thunder

Destroy Hanoi

Famous pilots shot down over Hanoi, including John McCain

Vietnamese Communist Forces divided into two groups

NVA

In uniform, official army

Vietcong

Civilian soldiers

Infiltrated the South

Just as effective as the official army

Mig 21's beat destroyed American aircraft, so America bumps up it's air force

Vietnam had poorly trained pilots

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Vietnamese carried supplies and moved South on the HCMT

Vietnamese confiscated abandoned French armament and used it against the Americans

Often, the armament was American made

Americans had no way to ascertain who was Vietcong or not

In response, U.S. develops CORDS

Phoenix Program

Quarantine and curfew suspected Vietcong village

Tried to monitor villages

Ultimately fails

Helga Herz

Anti-war activist who committed suicide in protest

Tet Offensive

Tet=Lunar Calender New Year, celebrated early Febuary

NVA/Vietcong launch an all out attack on the Americans and the South Koreans

U.S. wins, but loses many troops

500, the North Vietnamese 10,000

U.S. suspected attack would occur at Khe Sanh at DMZ

Main attack came from Vietcong in the South

Battle of Saigon

Vinh Moc Tunnels

Villagers carried supplies on a round boat to an island where NV army was waiting

War ends in 1975, but withdrawal begins in 1973

Total casualties

US: 60,000

Vietnamese: 1,000,000

Vietnam Notes 4/29/08

Roughly the population and size of Germany

Only country to have defeated 3 of the 5 superpowers (China, France, U.S.)

Vietnam has a long struggle to gain independence

Colonized by France

In World War II, Japan occupies Vietnam, but allows French Vichy government to rule

Vietnamese fought alongside Americans in WWII

Ho Chi Min

Travels the world, trying to garner support for independent Vietnam

Writes to Truman

France claims it needs Vietnam to rebuild, after WWII

Truman sides with France, upsetting Ho Chi Min

HCM turns to USSR to the North

French are fighting Vietnamese resistance, Vietmin, 1947-1954

90 percent of funds come from U.S.

French don't take the war seriously

Vietmin win the war in Dien Bien Phu

Negotiations in Geneva agree to create North Vietnam (Communist) and South Vietnam (Pro-Democ)

U.S. helps to prop up Democratic puppet government under Diem (Ziem)

Cold War Events

Sputnik

Launched USSR ahead of US in the sciences

U.S. bumps up science education, pumps in money

ICBM

Build up of long range missiles

Berlin Wall

1961

Makes the Cold War even colder

Spread of the Comintern

1967: Split between China and USSR

Collapse in Western Imperialism

European influence in the Middle East plummets, causing instability

France/Algerian War

French violently put down Communist Algerian uprising

Increased funding to social sciences in schools

Creates anti-communist sentiments in children

Civil Rights 01 4/25/08

Focus on the deep South

2/3 of all blacks

NAACP begins breaking ground, campaigning for blacks more fervently

Upset at the treatment of blacks coming back from WWII

Blacks have same Constitutional rights

13th Amendment: Emancipation

14th: Citizenship

15th: Voting Equality

1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson

Separate but equal

Truman

Done with the war, needs to switch to domestic issues

In Mississippi, 6 black war vets are murdered

Upsets Truman greatly

In response, desegregates the military and federal jobs

Eisenhower, Truman's replacement, doesn't like desegreregation

1948: Lower courts overturn separate facilities

Overturn Plessy vs. Ferguson

Eisenhower

Reluctant to change

Grows up in a white segregated community

Has personal biases

1954: Brown vs. Board of Education

Orders schools in Topeka, Kansas to desegregate

Brown represents a number of people, suing the Kansas Board of Education, and BoE attorney, Earl Warren, a Populist

Overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson

Border states start to integrates

Native Americans

Trying to overturn the Indian Reorganization Act

Act that puts them on Reservations, with the Dawes Act

Eisenhower wants Indians to assimilate'

U.S. presidents have equivocated between assimilation and reservations 

Rosa Parks

Sat in the black section, was forced to give up her seat, and refused

Arrested

Leads to the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Brings in MLK, head of SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 Little Rock Arkansas

Governor of Arkansas refuses to uphold Brown vs. Board of Education, believes in states rights

Eisenhower forces integration b/c of federal rights

Calls in Nat'l Guard to make sure that nine black high school students can attend an all-white high school

Civil Rights Act

Creates a Civil Rights commission to evaluate inequalities

15 million possible black voters

Civil Rights Commission helps 20% register to vote

1960's

Starts with a bang

Election between JFK and Nixon

JFK wins in part because he looks so much better on television

First televised debates

Feb 1960

First Sit-In to get national notoriety

Greensboro, N.C.

April: Civil Rights Act is passed

Gives teeth to the former Civil Rights Acts

White Students would from down on "freedom rides" to ensure African Americans can vote, supporting CRA

24th Amendment

No more poll taxes

"Mississippi Burning"

1965: Mississippi revolts against reform, and tries to protect states rights

Increase in lynchings and violence

One of the worst places in America

1965: Voting Rights Act

Removes grandfather clauses, etc, other tactics to keep blacks from voting

New Black Militancy

Forms Black Panthers

Malcom X

Opposite to MLK's peaceful agenda

Watts Riots

Hot, hot summer

Riots occur more often in the summer

African American youth decide to rebel against injustice

Looting, burning, often their own neighborhoods

Rodney King Trial

Police officers beat black man excessively

Courts find in favor of the police

Blacks revolt

Korean War 01 4/23/08

Called "The Forgotten War"

1945 Japan leaves occupation of Korea

In South Korea, 1947, S. Korea holds elections and American troops from WWII leave, leaving them vulnerable

June, 1950, North Koreans attack

Attack is fast and effective, S. Koreans are pushed back to nearly to the sea

MacArthur leads U.S. troops into Korea, facing little resistance by means of a brilliant naval landing

Push N. Koreans back up, past the the 38th Parallel

Oct, 1950: Chinese volunteer army pushes U.N. troops back, past the 38th Parallel

1951: Stalemate

MacArthur wants full control of the military to push in China, and eliminate communism

Advocates atomic bomb strikes

Scares Truman, who removes MacArthur

Warhawks in U.S. were upset, claiming MacArthur could have destroyed communism

Truman brings in Bradley

Fighting continues to 1952

In 1952 elections, Eisenhower is elected

Eisenhower is elected on the strength of his military knowledge

1953: Stalin dies

Not fully leader of USSR anymore, but has great influence

His death thaws the Cold War situation

July 1953: Armistice is signed

War never officially ended

"Mig Alley" over Korea is the first arena in which U.S. aircraft fights USSR made aircraft

USSR planes prove superior

The Key Players

Truman

Syngman Rhee (SK)

President of South Korea

UN

Foreign soldiers are involved, but far fewer than American soldiers

MacArthur

Bradley

MacArthur's replacement

Kim Il Sung (NK)

President of North Korea

Mao Zedong

Stalin

Each side thought they won the war

S. Korea remained free

Containment of communism worked

Infrastructure of N. Korea is destroyed

Still seperate today

Still U.S. troops in Korea

Human cost

Casualties

780,000 total N. Korean and Chinese

500,000 South Korean Civilians

70,000 South Korean Soldiers

30,000 Americans

4,500 U.N. Troops

1950: Has Containment worked?

Most Americans agreed with containing communism

Some wanted a more aggressive policy, like MacArthur's

More alliances were setup that were anti-Communist

NATO

Cold War Notes 01 4/21/08

When Fascist forces are eliminated, Democracy and Communism begin to fight

Global competition

The conflicts between the two superpowers played a major role in reshaping the world

Conflict of military might, in other areas, the US was superior to USSR

After World War II, the Soviets and US began to influence other countries with funding and military might.

Both want buffer zones (sphere of influence)

Communism is spreading more rapidly in China under Mao Zedong

U.S. fights bloody wars to prevent Communist takeovers in Korea and Vietnam.

Mad dash between two superpowers to enter developing countries and influence their development

U.S. supports anti-communist forces

Cold War began to thaw when Khrushchev denounces Stalinism and U.S. leaders adopt a foreign policy of lessened tension.

Yalta Conference

Signs of the Cold War erupt

In the Crimean

3 Objectives

Promote World Peace

Provide Emergency Relief

Form interim Governments based on the will of the people

Stalin's proposal, controversial

Aims

USA

Wants to encourage democracy

Rebuild Europe through US's raw materials

Help U.S. Markets

Reunite Germany

USSR

Divided Germany

Germans were leaving East to West Germany

Encourage Communism

Control Eastern Europe, making a buffer zone

June 1945

Soviet Union and US join the UN with 48 other nations

Aimed to prevent future wars

Iron Curtain

Coined by Churchill

Truman is highly pro-democracy

Anti-Communist

Marshall Plan

Europe is devastated, infrastructure destroyed no jobs

U.S. provides 12.5 billion in aid: food, jobs, other materials

Aid extends to East Berlin with airlifts

Berlin Airlift

Soviet cut-off highways, water, and rail, traffic

Berlin divided in 4 zones

277000 flights, 2.3 million tons of supplies dropped

11 Months

Allowed the U.S. to influence Berlin

Nato vs. the Warsaw Pact

NATO

Coalition of US, Canada and 12 Europe Nations

Attack one, all retaliate

1949

Warsaw Pact

1955, Soviet reply

Soviet Union, Poland, E. Germany, Hungary, etc.

Asia

China

Immense fear of communism

China has a civil war between communists and republicans, which commies win

Both sides join together to fight WWII opponents

U.S. backed Nationalists

Gov't was wasteful corrupt

Did NOT have support of the people

Mao Zedong

Supported by Chinese peasants

95% of the populations

Distributed lands and reduced rents

Experience army

Most of the fighting against the Japanese were fought by the Communists

U.S. Response

Truman did not send troops to China

Allowed communism to spread

Did send aid to the Nationalists

1949-Chiang takes all the aid and flees to Taiwan (previously Formosa)

U.S. response has failed

Loss of China to communism creates domino effect, leads to Korea, then Vietnam

Korea

Japan controlled Korea since 1910

North-USSR

South-U.S.

Separated by the 38th Parallel

1948-U.S. gives S. Korea independence

N. Korea became communist and invades S. Korea

Attack and push S. Koreans nearly to the ocean

Truman: "Another nation falls to communism"

Approaches U.N.

Enters S. Korea

Led by MacArthur

Poor landing location, but MacArthur times it perfectly

U.S. and S. Koreans push N. Koreans to 38th Parallel and further

Scares Chinese

China creates a force of a million "volunteers" and helps to push back the marines to the 38th Parallel

Armistice

Fear of the domino effect

World War 2 Notes 02 4/17/08

WWII forced America to change how they interact with the world

America takes the role of putting down potential aggressors before they become a threat

"Munich Mentality"

If America had joined the Munich Conference, the Nazi rise might have been prevented

America is one of the only remaining superpower, needs to supervise the world

Only other is the Soviet Union

Iron Curtain develops as Russia builds a buffer zone to protect itself from aggressors

Greece has a communist uprising

U.S. develops the Marshall Plan, to give aid to Turkey and Greece to prevent communist uprising

Also builds an American presence in these countries

Creates trade in Europe

America could have prevented WWII atrocities, but didn't have enough intelligence on Ger/Jap

Truman creates CIA to help America keep tabs on the world

Study of Social Sciences accelerates after WWII 

Race to Berlin

Soviets take East Berlin, Allies take the west

Eastern Berlin was poor

Pacific

Korean War

Starts June 1950 when N. Korea attacks S. Korea

S. Korea appeals to the UN (Formed 1945)

League of Nations has failed

UN

General Assembly

Each nation gets one vote

Deals with resolutions, trade, human rights

Security Counsel

Made up of 15 members

5 Permanent: USSR, China, Fr, Great Britain, U.S.

Can veto

Other 10: Elected by GA

Communist Chinese take over China in the 1950's

Pushes Chiang Kai Shek to Taiwan

U.S. and U.N. recognizes Taiwan as the real China

This upsets the Soviet Union and causes them to boycott the Security Counsel in 1949

USSR backs N. Korea

U.N. backs South Korea and builds a force to drive the North Koreans out

Gov't Changes

300 Billion dollars spent on the war

Most spent ever

Government contracts and purchases from overseas creates economic boom

WWII ends the Depression

National War Labor Board

Strikes not allowed during wartime

Expansion of the Federal Gov't

Economic and Social Changes

Full Employment

Migration to the West

No discrimination in Gov't contracts (in theory)

Full production needed

Rise in Union membership

Military Service expands

15 Million

Social expectation to enlist for young people

Service of blacks, minorities, women

Women's branches and jobs created

Units segregated based on race

Japanese 442nd from camps and Hawaii

Fought in Europe, not Pacific

Navajo code talkers

Results

Rising expectations and post-war activism-but delayed

Job Opportunites for Blacks minorities and women increase

6 million women join the work force during the war

Proved women could do men's jobs