World War 2 Notes 01 3/16/08

Germany has signed USSR non-aggression pact

Biggest threat to Germany

Signed in '39, followed by invasion of Poland

Angers USSR

War

1939-1940

Sitzkrieg War

"Non-War"

Militarizing, occupying territory, but not invading

Appeases Br and Fr

Summer 1940

Blitzkrieg begins

Western Europe falls

Bombing of Britain

Softening Br

No German foot troops in Br yet

U.S. Response

Cash and Carry

Later, Lend/Lease Act

Draft and Military Preparations

U.S. knew it would go to war eventually

U.S. joins the war after Pearl Harbor

U.S. retaliates quickly

Doolittle Raid on Tokyo

Redesigned 8 bombers to make them lighter

Most are shot down, only three drop bombs on Tokyo

3 surviving planes

1 crashes

2 land in China

1 is captured by the Japanese

The other escaped

Did little effect but helped U.S. philosophy

Sequences of War in Europed

Germany invades Russia, June 1941

Two front war

Hitler is a psychotic fuckhead, bad decision

Bombing campaigns into Germany

Hitler's forces spread thin in a two front war

Stalingrad: Germans retreat Feb 1943

Russian winter cripples forces

Africa: Germany collapses 1943

Rommel effectively leads German forces in Africa

Taken down by Gen. Patton

Sicily: July 1943

Allied forces invade

Italian front bogs down

Allied troops advance slowly

D-Day: June 6, 1944

Battle of the Bulge, 1944/45

Winter, forest

Pivotal battle that allows Allied troops to enter Germany

Bombing of Dresden

Opened by Battle of the Bulge Victory

Worse that atomic bombs

Berlin Falls

V-E Day, May 8, 1945

USSR is sort of an enemy to the other allies

Racing to Berlin

Sequences of War in Asia

Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1944

Bataan Peninsula: Early 1942

Bataan Death March

In Phillipines

Japanese force prisoners on death march

Midway, June 1942

Pivotal battle

Midway between Hawaii and Japan

Matter of inches

One admiral moved his ship 1 degree to the east

Japan bombardment was 1 degree off

U.S. used that to win

Island Hopping Strategy

Move closer and closer to the Japanese mainland

Marines fight in the Pacific, Army/Air Force in Europe

Iwojima, etc

Okinawa, April-June 1945

Fighting Japanese and native Okinawans

Brutal Battle

Opens up Japanese Mainland

Atomic Bombs

Hiroshima, Aug 6

Nagasaki, Aug 9

Supported by 85% of Americans

Fighting in the Japanese mainland would have caused massive casualties

Results

140,000 killed in Hiroshima

70,000 in Nagasaki

U.S. also wants to beat the Soviets to Japan

Wants another buffer zone to the USSR

Strong US Japanese relations continue to this day

Surrender: Aug 15, V-J Day

War Casualties

35 to 60 million deaths

US:

Killed in Combat: 292,131

Other Deaths 115,187

Wounded: 671,801

Prisoners/Missing: 139,709

Chapter 27 Notes 02 4/14/08

America knew Japan would attack

Removed Aircraft carriers from Pearl Harbor

Alliances

US/USSR

Uncomfortable alliance

USSR wants a collective security during Spanish Civil War

Allies hoped for war between fascists and communists

Sit back and watch the bloodshed

Conferences

Atlantic Charter

Secret meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill

Addressing non-agression pact between Gr and USSR

 

Casablanca, 1943

Nazis control France

How to liberate France

Fr fell in 10 days\

Moscow Conference

Big 3

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

Tehran, 1943

Discussing Italy turning towards allies

Soviets will help fight Japan, second front war

Allies create second front war, but through Italy

Yalta Conf. 1945

Roosevelt dies, enter Truman

US makes USSR promise that first to Berlin must promise free elections

USSR refuses

Beginning of the Cold War

Pacific

US is Island hopping

Capturing islands, working our way to Japan

Drops the bomb

So US could reach Japan first

Fears that Japan will never surrender without the bomb

Chapter 27 Notes 01 4/11/08

1920's Peace

League of Nations

Based on cooperation, but with two big countries missing

USA and USSR

Washington Conf. 1921

Limits naval power

USA allowed 10 billion tonnage of navy

UK same

Japan 7

France 1.67

Italy 1.67

Countries had to destroy navy

US and UK destroyed 5 billion tons

Japan 3

Fr and It 1.75

Power Pact-1921 in China

Reflects on the integrity of China

Sun Yat Sin overthrown in China, with jostling for power

Mao Zedong vs. Chiang Kai Shek

Shek allows US into China, so he gains US support

Lacarno Pact

1925

Germany told they needed approval from the League of Nations to annex any German speaking country

Prevents Austria/German joining

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928

Outlaws war

London Naval Conference

1930 and 1934

Sets the rules for maritime battles

1934, Japan removes themselves from the Washington and London Conference Pacts

First signs of Japans coming agression

Steps of Aggression

1931, Japan's only sphere of influence is Korea

Justified with "New Asian Order"

Instigates public opinion with the Muckden Incident

Japanese RR tracks stretch into China

China destroys RR

Japan invades

League of Nations decrees that Japan is the aggressor

Japan blew up their own railroad tracks

Japan leaves the League of Nations and invades Manchuria

US Sec of State Stipson steps in and decrees Japanese controlled Manchuria needs Chinese representation

Japan institutes a puppet governor

Ethiopia

Represents of two land masses not colonially held

Conference in Berlin is debating Ethiopian border with no Ethiopian influence

Ethiopia was originally an agricultural power

King Selassie controls Ethiopia

Joins League of Nations and gains a military

Fears Italian attack

Italy does attack and conquers Eth easily

League of Nations determines that Italy was the aggressor, needs to leave Ethiopia and pay fine

Italy leaves League of Nations

US

Pro-Neutrality Legislation

35, 37, 39

US has too many of its own problems

Can't give loans and war materials

Most European nations defaulted on loans to US, one of the causes of the Great Depression

No Americans on passenger liners

No American merchant ships

Germany 1935

Hitler rises to power

Nuremberg Laws

Conscription Act

Drafts young men

Germany remilitarizes and gains huge military

Violates Treaty of Versailles

1936 Militarized Rhineland

Spanish Civil War

Francisco Franco: Fascist

Opposed by Democratic Party

Also opposed by Int'l Brigade

Helped by Germany and Italy

Most help of the war provided by USSR

Opposed to Fascism

Also helped by the US, Fr, GB

Lincoln Brigade

Franco wins because Hitler creates the first Blitzkrieg

All out offensive

1937, US declares Neutrality

1937, Japan begins all out invasion of China

Begin of World War 2

Rape of Nanjing

Unit 751

Medical experiments on Chinese prisoners

At the end of the war, US forgives Japan in return for medical information gained by Unit 751

1938 Gr and Austria combine

1938 Hitler invades Sudetenland, border between Gr and Czechoslovakia

Cz applies to League of Nations

Munich Conference

LoN tries appeasement, gives Gr Sudetenland for an end to aggression

Hitler agrees and reneges and invades Cz

Then invades Poland

Great Depression Notes 03 4/3/08

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Helps to stimulate agricultural sector

Farming subsidiesC

CCC

 Civilian Convervation Corps

Young men go out to work on environment, work with forest service

FERA

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Similar to FEMA

NIRA

National Industrial Recovery Act

Sets up NRA

National Recovery Administration

Helps out failing businesses

Stimulation to failing business eliminates American sense of free capitalism

Central split between Republicans and Democrats

Dems would stimulate failing business, Reps wouldn't

Regional Development Projects

Largest ever: TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority

Creates damns on the Tennessee Valley

Jobs

Flood Control

Hydroelectricity

Criticism of the New Deal

Liberals- did not do enough to help poor (Huey Long)

New Deal should tax rich and help the poor

Conservatives-Federal government shouldn't have as much control of agriculture and industry

American Liberty League

Supreme Court

Court found two parts of the New Deal unconstitutional

NRA and the AAA

FDR was upset

Proposed bill to allow him more appointments on Supreme Court

Court Packing Bill

Critics-FDR trying to pack court w/ justices who supported New Deal

Cost FDR support

7 new appointees, Democrats

Court decisions began to favor N.D.

3 Main Critics of FDR

Father Charles Coughlin

Roman Catholic Priest who said New Deal didn't help those in need

Huey Long

Senator, proposes a socialist "Share the Wealth" program

Assassinated in 1935

Dr. Francis Townsend

Proponent of a Pension Plan

Great Depression Notes 02 4/1/08

Human Suffering

Shanty towns

Bread lines

Soup kitchens

Homelessness

Radical minorities suffered the greatest

Farmers in dire straits

Crops weren't worth anything

Dust Bowl

Soil exhausted from over-farming and long drought

Grass is gone, dust starts to blow in the wind

Migrant workers flee dust to California

Dust could pierce clothes, breathing in made people ill

Livestock devastated

Effects on American Families

Family life changed

Family bonds grew stronger

Shared Everything

Poverty/unemployment

Children suffering

Federal gov't did NOT provide direct relief

The New Deal

FDR, Democrat replaces long string of bad Repub. presidents

Program to restore public confidence in the economy

Reform governor of NY, impressed people with reforms

Dems control congress

Americans ready for change

People wait to see what FDR would do in his first 100 days

Recognizes poor economic situation

"Brain Trust"

3 Goals

Immediate relief for the needy

Build economy back up

Financial Reform

Prevent Depression from happening again

First 100 days of office, gov't expands rapidly

Reforms

Bank Holidays

Incentive to spend money

Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act- "healthy banks"

Public confidence restored

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Insures federal banking deposits up 5,000

Protects savings people put in banks

Provided reassurance

Law made companies give more accurate information in this stock offering

SEC (Securities & Exchange Commission) regulate stock markets

End of Prohibition (21st Amendment)

Creates a new industry that can be taxed

FDR

Speaks to American through fireside chats

Creates public confidence

Explained New Deal measures

20th Amendment: Presidents can only serve 2 terms

Great Depression Notes 01 3/20/08

Causes

Laissez Faire

3 bad leaders

Harding

Dies in office

Fails to realize that the Treaty of Versailles is failing

U.S. is not getting any money from war debts

Coolidge

Business of America is business

Hoover

Crash happens one year into his term

Not his fault

Some business background

Responsible for sending food to Belgium

Sec. of Commerce

Creates voluntary programs

Reconstruction Finance Corp.

Provides Gov't loans to failing businesses

Bears and Sterns

One of the largest finance corporations in the U.S.

Wealthy company, with lots of assets, but could not liquidate them

People wanted money out, B+S couldn't provide

Gov't loans allow B+S to pay out to customers

Now B+S is on top of all that loan money

Morgan Stanley buys out B+S

Can afford to pay back loans

Over production of goods

Automobile Industry makes up 13 percent of the American production

Now it's about 1

Construction increases

More buildings built than companies to occupy them

Technological Advancements

Leads to increase in unemployment

Lack of Ability to Buy Goods

1% of American Public controlled the wealth of the country

Larger gap in social classes

Purchasing power reduced

Advertisement

Companies advertise "Buy on Credit", postpone payment

Buying stocks on margin

Agriculture

At the time, made up 60% of American industry

Mass prodcution

During WWI, America feeds Europe

After WWI, U.S. is at full production, but with no one to sell it

Prices plummet

Worldwide Depression

No market for American goods in Europe

1930

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

We want debt money from Europe, so U.S. creates a 32% tariff

Europe raises tariffs on the U.S.

Trade decreases

Finland is the only country to pay off WWI debts

1932

FDR Elected

New Deal

First President to address public through radio

Chapter 24 3 3/17/08

Rebirth of the Klan

6 Million members

Expanded hatred to Jews, Immigrants, Catholics

Un-American Ideologies were distrusted

Especially immigrants

New Anti-immigration acts

1921

Immigrants of could only constitute 3 percent of American population yearly

1924

2 Percent

Socko-Vinzetti

1920

A shoe factory is robbed of 15000 dollars

5 robbers kill 2 people

Witness report there were two Italians

Socco and Vinzetti

Both had strong alibis and were arrested on circumstantial evidence

Biased judge finds them guilty, sentenced to death

Appeal court upholds biased verdict

Harding

Concerned with image

Releases socialist Debs

Establishes 8-hour work days

Tries to hire good cabinet

Hoover

Not intellectual

Reduces income taxes

Andrew Mellon

Raises corporate taxes and duties on agriculture

1921: Teapot Dome Scandal

Albert F. Fall

Secretary of interior

Moves Oil Reserves from jurisdiction of the navy to his jurisdiction, and secretly leases these reserves to an oil company

In return, Fall receives 400,000

When revealed, punishment was not severe

1923

Harding realizes his administration is full of corruption

Goes on a speaking tour in Alaska, takes ill and returns in Seattle

Taken back to Seattle and misdiagnosed of food poisining

Dies of heart embolism

VP Coolidge sworn in

Opposite to Harding, quiet thrifty

Reduction in Militarism

President Conferences

Reduces navy's of powerful nations, but reduces by weight, not number of ships

Coolidge

Downscales taxes and the size of the military

Reelected in 1924

Supreme Court removes Tenure of Office Act

Cleans up Harding's cabinet

Creates the Flood Control Act

Controls floods on the Mississippi

Government can't afford it

Charles Lindbergh

First to fly across the Atlantic

1927: Nelly Taylor Ross is the first female elected senator in Wyoming

FIrst female governor in Texas