Chapter 17-The Industrial Revolution 3 01/17/08

Monopolies

Holding companies

One company holds significant voting stock in another country so that it controls business practices

Cartels

International monopolies

OPEC

Labor

Unions

Keep wages high

Safe conditions

8 hr workday

Knights of Labour: 1869

Becomes AFL: 1886

1st Pres. is Samuel Gompers

Union Weapons

Collective bargaining

Mediation

Stalemate

Strike

Railroad strike in 1877

Sit down strike

Now illegal

Slow-down Strike

Break Equipment on purpose

Weapons of Management

Scabs

People willing to cross picket line

Pinkerton Agency

Lock-out

Blacklist Union Leaders

Boycott

Arbitration

Bound in advance to compromise

Yellowdog Contract

Blacklist all Union members

Injunction

Court order closing a strike

Strike affects community

In 1894, Pullman Strike

Employees paid low wages to produce RR cars

Employees protested having to live in company towns and overhead from paychecks

In come Pinkerton Police

Longshoreman Strike

Injunction given

Chapter 17-The Industrial Revolution 2 01/16/08

Phonograph records

Met Opera

Rise of realism in art

Lot's of immigrant move to cities

Increase in crime

Poverty

Disease

Immigrants main group in cities

Rise in nativism

Public Education systems emerge

Based on German system

Morrell Land Grant leads to good college system

Women start to enter higher education

Walter Reed

Discover Yellow Fever

John Wesley Powell

Andrew Carnegie

Gave away money

Philanthropist

Carnegie Hall

Magazines

Literary Magazines

Dime novels

Music, Theatre

Business

Monopolies

Pooling

Instead of competing, divide market

Not illegal

Having regional markets

Merger

One or more companies form a new company

Combine assets

Vertical Integration

One product

Control product from start to finish

Eliminate middle man

Horizontal Integration

Control entire sector of an industry

Trust is a formation of a national monopoly

Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890

Prevent trusts from forming

Used primarily against labor unions

Corporate State Charters

John D. Rockefeller

Mogul who starts Standard Oil

In 1870's-1880's, collects corporate state charters

Standard Oil of PA

Standard Oil of IL, etc

Board of trustees

So rich that he becomes a philanthropist

Government questions whether to charge with anti-trust fund

Stop philanthropist?

Chapter 17-The Industrial Revolution 1 01/15/08

Social

Growth of Cities

Young Westerners went to cities

Rise in standard of living

Materialism

Pop. Growth

Lots of immigration

Impersonality/Anonymous Society

Language barrier

Widening gap between rich and poor

Social mobility

Economic

Economic combinations are too powerful for the government

Specialization

Standardization

Business Cycle

Quarterly Reports

Fiscal Year

Decrease in skilled labor

Pressure for government favors

Gov. helps businesses that will help community

National and international markets

Pollution

Use of resources

Commercial agriculture

Homesteaders done

Politics

Problems with regulation

Private property vs. public safety and welfare

Interest groups

Partisan Politics

Big Government

Greater democracy

Women's suffrage

Chapter 16-The West 4 01/10/08

America originally invited Chinese

Wanted work for Transcontinental Railroad

Burlington Treaty 1868

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882,

Forbid Chinese immigration, starting 1880

Renewed till 1943

WW2, Allies are Chinese

Chapter 16-The West 3 01/09/08

Sandcreek Massacre

Barren Sandcreek Reserve for Cheyenne

No supplies from government, so Cheyenne start stealing from Army

Army massacres Cheyenne

Assimilation

Forced Indians to give up culture and join white society

Daws Act breaks up reservations and gives Native Americans individual land

Plan fails b/c NA's not given good land

Failed as farmers

By 1900, all Bison killed off

Battle of Wounded Knee

Sioux started losing land and Buffalo

Sioux invented Ghost Dance to restore populations

Army saw dance as act of rebellion

Tried to arrest Sitting Bull, leader

Fight broke out, Sitting Bull killed

Army takes 350 Sioux Warriors to Wounded Knee, Army tells to give up weapons

One Sioux warrior won't give up rifle, fires

Army fires back and kills 300 unarmed Sioux

Ends Native American wars

Homesteaders

Got out West on trains

Railroad built by Chinese, African Americans, Mexicans

Homestead Act

160 Acres to farm, for free, own the land after 5 years

Many were miners or cowboys

Ranchers need more than 160 acres

Kansas granted land to African Americans

Oklahoma

2 Million Acres to give away in 24 hours

Yellowstone is set aside from homesteaders

Recognized natural beauty

In 1850, 1 Percent of US Pop. is West Mississippi

In 1900, 30 Percent

First states to allow women to vote are in the West

Steel Plow helps farming

Morrill Land Grant Act 1862-1890

Starts up first Western Universities

Homesteaders frequently in debt

Chapter 16-The West 2 01/08/08

Frederick Jackson Turner

First to use term "frontier"

American frontier experience taught us democratic values

Freedom, strength, self reliance, etc

Frontier an aspect unique to American History

Appealing to foreigners

Belief in a Second Chance

Challenge of self-reliance

Pretends that American West was uninhabited

Turner does not mention difficulty of living, injustices, indecencies

Homesteaders need protection against Indians, military forts.

5 Important aspects of Plains Culture

Strong Understanding of Place

Knowledge of animals, plants

Efficient use of natural resources

Make Annual movements according to this pattern

Low Population and Population Control

Kept there numbers low during "lean years"

Infanticide

Kept pop. in limits of land.

Biodegradable Technology

Tools made from plains materials

Buffalo, Willow, Sage, Quartz, Obsidian

Land Management

Indians used land intensively

Buffer zones to tribes, so no hunting overlap

Non-Materialistic Society

Little emphasis placed on "things"

Nomadic, travel light

Ceremonial items are only exceptions

William Tecumseh Sherman assigned to West to work with Indians

"Only good Indian is a dead Indian."

Colorado Sand Creek Massacre: US kills 400 Native American women and children

Indians put on reservations

Led to uprisings

Sioux War

Apaches attack in Southwest

Geronimo

Helen Hunt

Wrote "A Century of Dishonor"

First person to write book cataloging America's broken promises to Native Americans

Daws Severity Act

Creates small reservation that allows for assimilation

Roots of conflict

Pushed Indians east, Whites go east

Tensions increase in 1870's

Indian Wars

Government creates treaties to end Indian Wars

Fort Laramie, '68, Lots of good territory for Sioux, Sioux Treaty

Whites move to Black hills, need mil. protection

Custer wants fame

Effective captain in Civil War

Anaconda Plan

Restricts Sioux's territory, response to Sioux's unwillingness to give up land

1. Gen. Terry Leads the Dakota Column, with Custer

2. Col. Gibbon leads MT Column

3. Gen Crook leads Wyoming

Meet at Little Bighorn

Custer is ambitious, scouts say lots of Sioux at little Bighorn

June, 1876

Underestimates number of Cheyenne and Sioux

Crook gets turned around by Crazy Horse

Custer believes if he is first there, gets all the credit

Restore reputation

Wants to be Presidential candidate

Battle of Little Bighorn

Less than 20 minutes

264 men versus 2500 Sioux

Leaves Heavy weapons

Light arms and swords

No white survivors

The news made it back to East in time for centennial

Chapter 16-The West 1 01/07/08

Montana is mostly German

West aided by discovery of gold

Young men come to gain wealth

Frontier is closed

Reconstruction Notes 2 01/03/08

Excellent Military Strategists

From Ohio

Poor Judge of Character

Corrupt Cabinet

Alcoholic

Passionate cigar smoker

Brought in 15 Amendment

Voters could not be denied the right to vote based on their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

Blacks granted the right to vote

Expands republican party voter turn out

Half a million blacks voted

Illiterate

By 1870, all former states back in the Union

Brought military presence into the South

Tennessee joins Union right at the start of the war

Scalawags-White Southerners sympathetic to Reconstruction, "traitors" to the South

Carpet Baggers-Northerners who moved to the South to reap the benefits

African Americans-Eager to vote, illiterate, educated with the help of Freedmen's Bureau.

Low interest loans

Ku Klux Klan

Most Southern whites use nonviolent economic pressure to keep blacks in their place

Minority of Southern whites actively resist, respond with violence

KKK vigilante group acts in secrecy to intimidate blacks and supporters

Nathan Bedford Forrest, civil war general + imperial Wizard of the KKK

Despite gains for blacks, intense southern opposition evident in terror groups (KKK), suspicion of northerners true interests, and a general loss of interest limited change

Southern whites actively resist change

Instances of violence increase as blacks go to the polls

Despite Southern resistance, Republican party strong, making improvements

Weakens because of Grant and radicals

Southern Democrats gain political power.

Democrats strike politcal deal to withdraw federal troops from the south in exchange for election of Pres. Hayes.

Reconstruction ends. Success or failure?

Reconstruction Notes 01/02/08

Immense human, economic, political and social costs. Civil War greatly increased federal government's power and control.

Widened economic gap between North and South, Fed. debt and inflation soars

Eman. Proc. only freed slaves in rebel stats. 13th amendment abolishes everywhere.

Freed slaves had nowhere to go

U.S. "rebuilds" after Civil War

Process of admitting Confederate states back into Union.

Lincoln was lenient to the South

Lincoln favored lenient reconstruction policy, no punishment

Dec. 1863, Under 10% plan, the gov. would pardon all Conf. who would swear allegiance to the Union (except high ranking officials),

4 states moved toward this

Lincoln=Moderate

Radical Republicans occupy congress, hate Lincoln's plan

Thaddeus Stevens and Sumner.

July 1864-Passed Wade-Davis Bill, a majority, not 10% would be required to reenter the Union, Lincoln vetoed the bill

Set stage for Pres/Congressional face-off

Lincoln had no plan for protection of freed African Americans

Needs civil rights acts, reconstruction acts

14th Gives blacks citizenship

15th Amendment gives blacks suffrage

Lincoln is assassinated and Johnson enters

Amnesty to most Southern whites

Blacks have no role in office, no voting

Pro-Union democrat from Tennessee

Congress divided between radical and moderate republicans.

Allows governments to place restrictions on former slaves

Radicals wanted to destroy political power of fromer slaveholders to better protect the rights of the newly freed slaves

The moderates proposed amnesty for former confederates

10% Oath of Loyalty

Johnson's Plan

Similar to Lincoln's except less pardons for high ranking Confed. and wealthy S. Landowners

White men should run the south

States agree to Johnson's terms

Infuriates radical republicans by pardoning all high ranking confederates

Congress opposes Black Codes

Radicals create civil rights act of 1866

Forbids states passing discriminatory laws

Johnson felt that Civil Rights Act detracts from states right

Moderates and radicals band together to form 14th Amendment

14th amendment grants citizenship to all people born on American soil

Any State that bans voting rights to any citizens loses representation

40 Acres and a Mule

Most blacks wanted land and couldn't afford it

Sherman had promised land to black soldiers, Pres. Johnson thought whites should get all land back

Radicals wanted to seize property from planters and give 40 acres to each adult, male, ex-slave. Doesn't pass Congress

Blacks become sharecroppers, or tenant farmers, have to share profits.

Johnson Impeached

Radicals looking for way to get rid of Johson

When he removed Secretary of War Stanton from office without Congressional approval, violating Tenure of Office Act, which Johnson found unconstitutional

11 Articles of Impeachment from House, One vote short in the Senate to convict

Enter Ulysses S. Grant

Corrupt